src: fix error handling on async crypto operations

src: fix error handling on async crypto operations

Fixes: https://hackerone.com/reports/2817648
Co-Authored-By: Filip Skokan <panva.ip@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>
Backport-PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs-private/node-private/pull/688
CVE-ID: CVE-2025-23166
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs-private/node-private/pull/710

origin: backport, https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/6c57465920cf1b981a63031e71b1e4a73bf9beaa

Gbp-Pq: Name CVE-2025-23166.patch